Nasal blockage:
Nasal blockage occurs when there is a physical obstruction in the nasal airway, which can be caused by various factors such as a deviated septum, nasal polyps, foreign bodies, or rhinitis. In young children, enlarged adenoids can commonly cause nasal blockage. Nasal blockage may lead to mouth breathing, snoring, and dryness. It can be caused by infections, allergies, irritants, or other underlying conditions. Nasal congestion or “stuffy nose” is a common symptom, and it can be bothersome, especially for children and infants. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and may include medications, nasal sprays, or surgery if necessary.
Stuffy nose:
Nasal congestion, also known as a “stuffy nose,” is characterized by the swelling of nasal tissues and blood vessels, leading to a blocked sensation. It can be accompanied by a runny nose or nasal discharge. Nasal congestion is commonly caused by rhinitis, which can be due to allergies, infections, or sensitivity of the nasal lining. Other factors such as sinusitis, nasal polyps, and irritants like tobacco smoke can also contribute to nasal congestion. It can be a temporary annoyance for older children and adults but can be more serious for infants and children whose sleep or feeding is affected. Seeking medical attention is advised if symptoms persist, are accompanied by high fever or yellow/green discharge, or if there is blood in the nasal discharge.
Runny nose (Rhinorrhoea):
A runny nose is often a result of excessive nasal secretions and is a common symptom of rhinitis and nasal or sinus infections. It is typically clear and watery, but thick yellow or green secretions may indicate a bacterial infection. Frequent nose blowing can sometimes cause nosebleeds. In rare cases, a persistent watery discharge may be due to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage. Proper diagnosis and treatment are necessary to address the underlying cause of the runny nose.
Epistaxis (Nosebleeds):
Nosebleeds, or epistaxis, can occur due to nose injuries, such as trauma or fractures of the nasal bones. Nosebleeds can also be associated with blocked nasal passages and the accumulation of blood under the nasal lining. In some cases, the nasal septum may become twisted, leading to blockage. Prompt medical attention may be needed, especially if nosebleeds persist or are accompanied by other symptoms.
Sinusitis / Rhinosinusitis:
Sinusitis, or rhinosinusitis, is an infection or inflammation of the nasal sinuses’ mucosal lining. It often causes nasal congestion, facial pressure, and discomfort. Sinusitis can be triggered by upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), allergic rhinitis, or other factors. The swelling of the sinus lining obstructs proper drainage, leading to bacterial overgrowth, yellow or green nasal discharge, and nasal congestion. Treatment involves addressing the underlying infection or inflammation and may include medications and supportive measures.
Loss of Smell (Anosmia):
Loss of smell, or anosmia, can be caused by various factors, including sinonasal disease, viral upper respiratory tract infections, or head/facial injuries. Conditions that block the passage of air to the olfactory receptors, such as nasal polyps, can also affect the sense of smell. Proper evaluation and management are necessary to address the specific cause of anosmia.