The majority of head and neck cancers are preventable, making awareness and early detection crucial.
Recognizing the warning signs of head and neck cancer is essential, as early diagnosis greatly increases the chances of successful treatment. Some common symptoms include:
Lump in the neck: If you notice a lump in your neck that persists for more than two weeks, it’s advisable to consult a physician promptly. While not all neck lumps are cancerous, they can be an early sign of various cancers affecting the mouth, throat, voice box, thyroid gland, salivary glands, or certain lymphomas and blood cancers.
Change in voice: Most cancers in the voice box cause voice changes. If you experience hoarseness or voice alterations lasting more than two weeks, it’s important to see your doctor for evaluation.
Growth in the mouth: Cancers of the mouth or tongue often manifest as persistent sores or swellings. While they may be painless, it’s important to note that cancer is frequently painless. If you observe an ulcer or swelling in the mouth that persists for more than two weeks, it should be evaluated by a physician. It’s especially concerning if accompanied by lumps in the neck.
Coughing up blood: Although not always indicative of cancer, tumors in the nose, mouth, throat, or lungs can cause bleeding. If you consistently bring up blood in your saliva or phlegm for more than a few days, it is advisable to consult your physician.
Swallowing difficulties: Cancer of the throat or esophagus can lead to difficulties swallowing solid foods or even liquids. If you face persistent challenges while swallowing, such as food getting stuck or recurring discomfort, it’s important to see your doctor. Tests like a barium swallow X-ray or an esophagoscopy can help identify the cause.
Changes in the skin: Basal cell skin cancer is the most prevalent head and neck cancer. Thankfully, when detected early, it is rarely life-threatening. Basal cell cancers typically appear on sun-exposed areas like the forehead, face, and ears but can occur anywhere on the skin. They may start as small, pale patches that slowly enlarge, eventually forming a central dimple and an ulcer. While some parts of the ulcer may heal, a significant portion remains unhealed. Other skin cancers, such as squamous cell cancer and malignant melanoma, can also affect the head and neck. If you notice an unhealing sore or swelling on the lip, lower face, ear, or any mole that changes in size, color, or bleeds, it is advisable to consult a physician or dermatologist promptly.
Persistent earache: Constant pain in or around the ear while swallowing can be a sign of infection or tumor growth in the throat. This symptom is particularly concerning if accompanied by difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, or a neck lump. An evaluation by an ENT specialist is recommended in such cases.
Preventable risk factors for head and neck cancer include tobacco use, which remains the leading cause of smoking-related deaths in the United States. Quitting smoking significantly reduces the risk, as does avoiding smokeless or spit tobacco, as these products do not eliminate the cancer risk. Additionally, cases of head and neck cancer caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) are increasing, while prolonged exposure to sunlight is linked to lip cancer and skin cancer.
It is important to note that the symptoms and signs mentioned may also occur due to other conditions. Seeking medical attention and receiving an examination are essential for accurate diagnosis. Remember, early detection greatly improves the chances of curing most head and neck cancers with minimal side effects. If you experience any warning signs, promptly consult your doctor, and adopt healthy habits to help prevent these diseases