Fine needle aspiration (FNA), also known as fine needle biopsy, is a minimally invasive procedure used to collect a sample of cells from a lump or mass. These cells are examined under a microscope to determine if the lump is cancerous (malignant) or noncancerous (benign), which may also indicate infection or inflammation. FNA can be performed on various lumps detected through physical examination or imaging tests like ultrasound or CT scan.
FNA is important because it helps in diagnosing whether a lump is cancerous or not. It is a quick and relatively comfortable procedure that can often be done in the doctor’s office. Along with the biopsy, your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history to assess the risk of cancer, including factors like weight loss, difficulty swallowing, smoking and drinking habits, and personal or family history of cancer.
Early detection of head and neck cancers significantly improves the chances of successful treatment. If you have a lump in your head and neck area, it is crucial to see an ENT specialist or otolaryngologist for prompt evaluation.
During FNA, a small needle is inserted into the lump to obtain cell samples for examination. Multiple needle sticks may be necessary to collect enough cells. If the lump is not easily felt, an ultrasound device may be used to guide the needle placement.
Local anesthesia is typically used to numb the skin before the biopsy. Although some discomfort may be experienced, FNA is generally well-tolerated and can be managed with ice or over-the-counter pain relievers. The needle used in FNA is usually smaller than the one used for a blood test from the arm.
FNA is a reliable diagnostic tool that often eliminates the need for a more invasive surgical biopsy, which is typically more painful, costly, and requires anesthesia.
The results of an FNA are typically available within a few days. The diagnosis can indicate whether the lump is cancerous, noncancerous, or uncertain (indeterminate). In cases of uncertainty, your doctor will discuss the need for additional FNAs or alternative biopsy procedures.
Complications from FNA are rare and usually minor. Potential risks include inconclusive results, bleeding (more common in patients taking blood thinners), infection (very rare), and extremely rare instances of cancer spread due to the tiny needle used.
Overall, FNA is a valuable and safe procedure for evaluating lumps or masses, providing important diagnostic information with minimal risks and discomfort