Epiglottitis is a life-threatening condition characterized by the swelling of the epiglottis, a small cartilage that covers the windpipe, resulting in the blockage of airflow into the lungs. It can be caused by various factors, including burns, throat injury, and infections. In the past, the most common cause of epiglottitis in children was Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) infection, but routine Hib vaccination has made it rare. Prompt medical attention is crucial to prevent complications.
Symptoms of epiglottitis can develop rapidly in children and include fever, severe sore throat, high-pitched sound while breathing (stridor), difficulty swallowing, drooling, and restless behavior. In adults, symptoms may develop over days and include severe sore throat, fever, hoarse voice, stridor, difficulty breathing and swallowing, and drooling.
Epiglottitis can be caused by infections or injuries. In the past, Hib bacteria were a common cause, but other bacteria and viruses can also lead to epiglottitis in adults. Physical injury or burns from hot or caustic liquids can also trigger the condition.
Certain risk factors increase the likelihood of developing epiglottitis, such as being male, having a weakened immune system, and lacking adequate vaccination.
Complications of epiglottitis include respiratory failure, where the swollen epiglottis obstructs the airway, and the infection spreading to other parts of the body.
Prevention of epiglottitis primarily involves immunization with the Hib vaccine. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential, focusing on ensuring proper breathing and addressing any identified infection. Breathing support may involve wearing a mask, intubation, or emergency airway procedure. Intravenous antibiotics, including broad-spectrum drugs, are administered to treat the infection.
In summary, epiglottitis is a potentially life-threatening condition caused by the swelling of the epiglottis. Prompt medical attention and treatment are necessary to manage the condition and prevent complications. Hib vaccination and proper immunization play a crucial role in prevention.