Otosclerosis is a condition characterized by abnormal bone growth around the stapes, one of the small bones in the middle ear. This leads to restricted movement of the bone, resulting in hearing loss. The symptoms of otosclerosis include progressive hearing loss, difficulty hearing low-pitched sounds or whispers, and tinnitus (ringing, roaring, buzzing, or hissing in the ears or head).
Otosclerosis typically causes conductive hearing loss, which occurs when the ear has difficulty transmitting sound vibrations. Sound vibrations are normally funneled by the outer ear onto the eardrum, which then sends the vibrations to the middle ear bones. When the stapes bone moves, fluid in the inner ear is stimulated, allowing hair cells to convert sound vibrations into electrical signals that are sent to the brain. Any disruption in this process can result in hearing loss.
The exact cause of otosclerosis is not fully understood, but it is believed to have a genetic component. It can affect both men and women, with a higher incidence in women, particularly during pregnancy. Diagnosis involves an examination by an ENT specialist and a hearing test (audiogram). Imaging scans may also be requested to assess the condition of the ear.
Treatment options for otosclerosis include observation with repeated hearing tests for mild cases, hearing aids to amplify sound volume, and surgery. Medications such as sodium fluoride or bisphosphonate supplements may help limit the progression of otosclerosis, although more research is needed to establish their effectiveness. Surgery, known as a stapedectomy or stapedotomy, involves removing part or all of the fixed stapes bone and replacing it with a prosthetic device. This procedure corrects the conductive hearing loss but does not address inner ear (sensorineural) hearing loss. Following surgery, patients may experience minimal pain, temporary taste alterations, and possibly dizziness. Recovery instructions provided by the ENT specialist should be followed carefully.
In advanced cases where otosclerosis has caused additional sensorineural hearing loss, a cochlear implant may be considered as a potential treatment option. It’s important to promptly notify the ENT specialist if there are any sudden hearing loss, intense pain, facial weakness, prolonged or intense dizziness (vertigo), or any new symptoms related to the operated ear.
Overall, otosclerosis can be managed effectively with appropriate medical intervention, allowing individuals to improve their hearing and maintain a good quality of life