The common cold is a viral infection of the nose and throat that is usually harmless but can be uncomfortable. It is caused by various types of viruses, with rhinoviruses being the most common.
Symptoms of a common cold include a runny or stuffy nose, sore throat, cough, congestion, mild body aches, sneezing, low-grade fever, and a general feeling of being unwell. The nasal discharge may become thicker and yellow or green in color as the cold progresses, but this doesn’t indicate a bacterial infection.
Common colds are more common in children under the age of 6, although healthy adults can also experience two or three colds per year. Most people recover within a week or 10 days, but smokers may have longer-lasting symptoms. If symptoms do not improve, it is advisable to see a doctor.
The cold virus enters the body through the mouth, eyes, or nose and spreads through droplets in the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. It can also spread through hand-to-hand contact or by sharing contaminated objects. Factors that increase the risk of catching a cold include age (especially children under 6), a weakened immune system, exposure to cigarette smoke, and being in crowded places.
Complications of the common cold can include acute ear infection, asthma attacks, acute sinusitis, and secondary infections such as strep throat or pneumonia. These may require medical treatment.
Prevention measures for the common cold include frequent handwashing with soap and water or using an alcohol-based hand sanitizer, disinfecting surfaces, using tissues when coughing or sneezing, avoiding sharing personal items, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
There is no cure for the common cold, and antibiotics are not effective against viral infections. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms. Pain relievers like acetaminophen can help with fever, sore throat, and headache, but should be used according to label instructions. Decongestant nasal sprays are suitable for adults for up to five days, but prolonged use can lead to rebound symptoms. Cough syrups and cold medicines are not recommended for children under 4 years old and should be used with caution in older children, following label directions